Category: Diablo 4

Diablo 4 Season 13 Guide: The 900 Power Item Rework & Meta Shift

1. The Big Picture: No More Passive Skills on the Skill Tree

In Season 13, passive skills are being removed from the skill tree entirely. This changes everything about how you build your character.

What this means:

Shroud of False Death (currently the best chest armor for almost every build) loses its value. Its +1 to all passives previously gave ~80–100% multiplicative damage plus defensive and utility bonuses. Without passives on the tree, this armor becomes ordinary. Expect build diversity to increase — a good thing overall. If you want to stay competitive without grinding for hours, you can buy Diablo 4 Gold to gear up alternative builds more quickly.

2. Amulets: The End of +3 to Passives?

Currently, top amulets give +3 or even +5 to several passives, providing ~50% multiplicative damage or more. But they are incredibly hard to farm (Kurast Undercity + sigils + 50M gold per run).

What might replace passive bonuses on amulets?

· % main stat (like pre-Season 11)

· % life

· Increased aspect power (from 100% → 150%)

· Entirely new stats

If passives disappear from amulets too, that’s not necessarily bad — farming won’t feel hopeless anymore.

3. A Clever Theory: Passives Move to the Paragon Board

Since changing damage formulas is expensive, the devs might simply move passive nodes to Paragon with new names and visuals.

How it could work:

· Add a new node type: Exalted Nodes (in addition to Magic, Yellow, Legendary)

· Transfer all old passive bonuses there

· Amulets and chests then interact with these “new” nodes under the hood

This is cheap for developers, looks like a global rework to marketing, and keeps old balance logic intact. Many players will notice, but it’s a plausible path.

4. New 900 Power Items: What Changed?

Examples from Warlock items:

StatOld (800 power)New (900 power)
Cooldown ReductionModerateHigher
Critical Strike ChanceModerateHigher (but 100% cap remains)
Maximum Life7901000
Main Stat121121 (unchanged)
Skill Bonus+3+3 (but max rank increased from 8 → 15)

One-Handed Mace (Warlock):

· Old DPS: 297

· New DPS: 815

· That’s 2.83x base damage

Because base weapon damage multiplies with all other bonuses, final damage could increase by tens or hundreds of times. That could mean pushing the Pit ~10 levels higher.

5. The Illusion of Growth: Monster Scaling

If only player damage grows but monster health, armor, and resistances also grow → nothing changes except bigger numbers.

If monster stats don’t grow → we get a Diablo 3 clown show:

· Sets and aspects buffed by 10–20x per season

· Numbers become meaningless

· Players speed-farm max difficulty (Pit 150) in 1–2 minutes

Currently, Pit cap is not 150 (players have done 160+), which suggests Blizzard is being smarter this time. They’re scaling monster health with damage. That’s healthy.

6. Class Balance: Warlock, Paladin, and the Rest

Season 13 expectations:

· Warlock — strongest, fastest, most convenient

· Paladin — slightly below Warlock (artificially strong to boost DLC sales)

· Other classes — more or less equal (unprecedented in Diablo 4 history)

Historical note:

· Spiritborn in his first season: 73 Pit levels above the weakest class (Druid)

· Next season: already in line with everyone else

· Expect 1–2 seasons of Warlock dominance, then normalization.

7. Build Diversity: The Harsh Truth

No matter how many builds exist on paper, only three real builds matter per class:

1. Efficient farming

2. Strongest for pushing / ubers

3. Party damage dealer or support

4. The other 10–20 builds are for fun and often can’t even farm max difficulty efficiently.

Example of bad balance:

· Rogue death trap → forced weapon swap → laggy, unplayable

· Sorceress teleport → manually added minimum cooldown

· Blizzard often destroys convenient setups instead of buffing weak ones.

8. Final Verdict: Marketer-Realist Edition

The 900 power items will feel like insane power growth. Behind the scenes, monster scaling will keep the challenge intact. A loot filter is coming — that’s a sign Blizzard is doing some things right. If you want to keep up without endless farming, you can buy cheap Diablo 4 Items from MMOEXP to quickly gear up multiple builds. Don’t believe the hype. Marketing is just lies with better lighting. Play what you enjoy. Expect Warlock meta for 1–2 seasons. And always keep a backup build.

Which Diablo 4 Endgame Activities Are Actually Worth Your Time?

Reaching level 50 in Diablo 4 is just the beginning of your journey. The endgame is where the true challenge and reward lie, but with so many activities available-from Nightmare Dungeons to Helltides and PvP zones-it’s easy to waste hours on content that offers little value. Not all endgame activities are created equal; some are essential for power progression, while others are best left for casual fun. Below, we break down the most worthwhile endgame activities, helping you focus your time on what truly matters. This is an excellent guide to help you more easily acquire more Diablo 4 Items, gold, and other rewards in the game.

1. Nightmare Dungeons: The Core of Gear and Power Progression

If there’s one endgame activity you shouldn’t skip, it’s Nightmare Dungeons. Unlocked after obtaining your first Nightmare Sigil (earned through Whispers of the Dead or world drops), these modified dungeons are the backbone of Diablo 4’s endgame progression. They feature unique affixes-both positive and negative-that alter difficulty and rewards, keeping each run feeling fresh.

Nightmare Dungeons are the best source of Obducite, a critical material for masterworking gear to maximize its potential. On Torment difficulty, they guarantee legendary or unique item drops, making them essential for farming high-tier gear. Additionally, they’re a great way to earn experience for your Paragon Board, which is key to customizing your build and unlocking powerful passive bonuses.

To maximize efficiency, focus on Sigils with positive affixes like “Ancestor’s Favor” (10% more experience) or “Horadric Strongroom” (guaranteed chests) and avoid overly punishing negative affixes.组队 with friends can also speed up runs, thanks to the game’s team synergy and shared progress boosts.

2. Helltides: High-Density Loot and Unique Materials

Helltides are limited-time world events that spawn every hour and last 55 minutes, making them a must-do for players chasing rare materials and legendary gear. Unlocked at World Tier 3 (Nightmare difficulty), these events increase enemy density and difficulty, but the rewards are well worth the risk.

The primary currency in Helltides is Aberrant Cinders, dropped by elite mobs, bosses, and interactable Tortured Souls. These cinders can be used to open Tortured Gift Chests, which come in armor, weapon, jewelry, and mystery variants-the latter being the most valuable, costing 250 cinders and offering the highest chance of legendary and unique items.

Helltides are also the only place to farm Fiend Roses, a rare herb needed for high-tier crafting and stat rerolling at the Occultist. Additionally, you can find Living Steel, a material required to summon Grigoire, the Galvanic Saint-one of the season’s endgame bosses. For optimal farming, focus on zones like Kehjistan, which has high elite density and Living Steel chest hotspots.

3. Whispers of the Dead: Consistent, Low-Effort Rewards

Whispers of the Dead (often called Whispering Tree quests) are perfect for players who want consistent, low-effort rewards without the intensity of Nightmare Dungeons or Helltides. Unlocked after completing Act V, these daily tasks range from clearing cellars to defeating specific monsters, each granting 1-5 points of “Baleful Blessings”.

Once you collect 10 points, you can return to the Whispering Tree to choose one of three chests, which contain gear, gems, crafting materials, or Nightmare Sigils. The beauty of Whispers is their flexibility-you can complete them while doing other activities, like Helltides or world events, making them a great way to earn rewards passively.

Recent updates have made Whispers even more efficient by allowing players to submit tasks directly from towns, eliminating the need to travel back to the Whispering Tree repeatedly. For new endgame players, Whispers are an excellent way to build up a foundational gear set before tackling harder content.

4. Greater Rifts: Endgame Challenge for Hardcore Players

For players seeking the ultimate challenge, Greater Rifts are the pinnacle of Diablo 4’s endgame. Unlocked using Greater Rift Keystones (dropped by Rift Guardians in normal Nephalem Rifts), these timed dungeons require you to clear waves of monsters and defeat a final boss within 10 minutes to earn maximum rewards.

Greater Rifts offer unique rewards, including Stygian Stones and masterworking materials, and their difficulty scales infinitely-making them a test of your build’s power and your skill as a player. Higher tiers yield better loot, but they also require optimized builds and careful planning.

While Greater Rifts aren’t essential for basic progression, they’re perfect for hardcore players looking to push their limits. They also pair well with the game’s build tier lists, as S-tier and A-tier builds (like the HOTA Barbarian or Pulverize Druid) are best suited for clearing high-level rifts efficiently.

Activities to Avoid (or Save for Casual Play)

Not all endgame activities are worth your time. For example, PvP in the Fields of Hatred is fun for players seeking chaos, but it offers no core power progression-rewards are limited to cosmetic items like mounts and skins. Unless you enjoy player vs. player combat, you’re better off focusing on PvE activities.

Similarly, low-difficulty world events (like regular dungeon runs or random monster hunts) offer minimal rewards once you reach World Tier 4. These are best saved for casual sessions when you don’t want to grind for specific loot or cheap D4 materials.

Final Thoughts: Prioritize Your Goals

The best endgame activities depend on your goals. If you want to maximize your power, focus on Nightmare Dungeons and Helltides. If you prefer low-effort, consistent rewards, stick to Whispers of the Dead. For hardcore challenge, dive into Greater Rifts.

Diablo 4’s endgame is designed to be flexible, so don’t feel forced to grind one activity exclusively. Mix things up to avoid burnout, but always prioritize content that aligns with your goals-whether that’s farming the perfect legendary item, optimizing your Paragon Board, or simply having fun.

With these priorities in mind, you’ll make the most of your time in Sanctuary’s endgame, turning every hour of grinding into tangible progress.

Diablo 4 Season 11 Divine Gifts Guide: How to Upgrade, Farm, and Maximize Rewards

Diablo 4 Season 11 introduces Divine Gifts, a unique seasonal progression system designed to enhance rewards rather than provide new combat skills. Unlike traditional buffs or passive effects, Divine Gifts focus on increasing loot, crafting materials, XP, and other endgame rewards from specific activities throughout Sanctuary. Each Gift adds a risk-versus-reward mechanic, often increasing difficulty while providing greater payouts for players willing to grind.

This guide will explain how Divine Gifts work, how to upgrade them, which activities to farm, and the benefits of each Essence, ensuring you maximize efficiency in Diablo 4 Season 11.

What Are Divine Gifts in Diablo 4 Season 11?

Divine Gifts are seasonal modifiers obtained by defeating manifestations of Lesser Evils across endgame content. Once unlocked, they can be slotted to enhance rewards from specific activities such as:

·Helltides

·The Pit

·World Bosses

·Kurast Undercity runs

Each Lesser Evil provides two Divine Gift Essences, which can be upgraded independently. As you participate in their associated activities, these Gifts increase the quality and quantity of your rewards, creating a compelling grind loop for dedicated players.

How to Upgrade Divine Gifts

Upgrading Divine Gifts is straightforward. The core principle is: repeat the activity tied to the Lesser Evil until you gain enough rank progress.

Whenever you participate in the defeat of a Lesser Evil-or interact with related content-you’ll receive a rank-up item that increases your Divine Gift progress.

Example: Azmodan in Hawezar

·Defeating Azmodan drops Sinful Memories, which increase the rank of both Divine Gifts associated with him.

·You do not need to summon the boss yourself.

·You do not need to open a chest.

·As long as you participate in the fight, you will receive progress toward upgrades.

This accessibility makes Divine Gift progression manageable even for players who may be short on summoning materials.

What Upgrading Divine Gifts Does

Upgrading Divine Gifts enhances both quantity and quality of rewards from their respective activities. Each Essence scales differently, with key benefits unlocked at Rank 2 and Rank 5. Here’s a full breakdown:

World Bosses

Essence of Sin

·Rank Upgrades: Better Dungeon Keys drop

·Rank 2: Weekly cache awards a large number of Activity Keys

·Rank 5: Compasses and Tributes drop more frequently

Essence of Hellfire

·Rank Upgrades: Higher-quality Lair Boss Keys

·Rank 2: Weekly cache provides many Lair Boss Keys

·Rank 5: Increased Lair Boss Key drops globally

Kurast Undercity

Essence of Anguish

·Rank Upgrades: More Murmuring Obols from runs

·Ideal for players targeting Uniques or specific gear slots

Essence of Screams

·Rank Upgrades: Higher-quality Salvage Materials

·Useful for rerolling, crafting, and sustaining cheap Diablo 4 materials

Helltides

Essence of Pain

·Rank Upgrades: Better Runes and Gems drop from Pangs of Duriel

·Perfect for Runeword optimization and gem upgrades

Essence of Squalor

·Rank Upgrades: XP Globes grant significantly more experience

·Great for leveling alts or pushing Paragon levels efficiently

The Pit of the Artificer

Essence of Lies

·Rank Upgrades: Increased chance for additional Paragon Glyph upgrades

·Essential for Pit runners optimizing glyph farming

Essence of Shadows

·Rank Upgrades: Increased gold rewards

·Helps offset the cost of gear rerolls and late-game crafting

Is Upgrading Divine Gifts Worth It?

Absolutely. While Divine Gifts don’t directly improve combat power, they significantly boost progression efficiency in multiple ways:

·Faster Unique item farming

·Increased resource acquisition for crafting and upgrading

·Efficient Paragon progression

·More gold and materials for sustained endgame performance

For players planning to buy Diablo IV items or farm high-tier gear, upgraded Divine Gifts reduce grind time and improve every other activity in Sanctuary.

Tips for Efficient Divine Gift Upgrades

1. Focus on Group Participation: Even if you don’t summon the boss, joining fights still provides rank progress.

2. Prioritize High-Yield Activities: Helltides and Pit runs often provide multiple upgrade opportunities per run.

3. Track Rank Progress: Use the Divine Gifts menu to plan efficient farming routes.

4. Combine with Endgame Farming: While upgrading Gifts, simultaneously farm Diablo 4 items or crafting materials for maximum efficiency.

5. Plan for Late-Game Scaling: Rank 5 bonuses are game-changing. Plan your grind around high-density content to maximize growth.

Final Thoughts

Divine Gifts in Diablo 4 Season 11 are a subtle but incredibly impactful progression system. By participating in Lesser Evil encounters, Helltides, and The Pit runs, players can upgrade their Gifts to unlock compounding rewards that enhance XP, loot, crafting materials, and Paragon progression.

For players looking to maximize efficiency, farm Uniques, and sustain long-term endgame content, investing time into Divine Gift upgrades pays off more than any temporary combat buff. With consistent effort, your grind for Diablo 4 items becomes faster, more rewarding, and far less frustrating.

Best Builds for Each Class in Diablo 4 Season 10 PTR

The Diablo 4 Season 10 Public Test Realm (PTR) has shaken up the landscape of Sanctuary with some of the boldest changes yet. Players are already debating which builds will define the meta once the season officially launches. While it’s important to remember that PTR balance is subject to change, early testing reveals a clear hierarchy of what’s working and what isn’t.

Some builds, like Hydra Sorcerer or Twisting Blades Rogue, are proving reliable. Others, such as Shadow Blight Necromancer or Jaguar Thorns Spiritborn, are emerging as sleeper contenders with the potential to dominate. In this article, we’ll cover the strongest build for each class in Diablo 4 Season 10 PTR, why they’re strong, and how they might evolve when the season goes live.

1. Barbarian: Whirlwind / Mighty Throw Hybrid

Barbarians thrive on raw, relentless damage, and Season 10 leans into that identity. The Sabre of Tsasgal, a new Unique weapon, shifts the meta dramatically. This weapon grants multiplicative damage bonuses for every damaging skill on your hotbar, encouraging a hybrid playstyle.

Instead of stacking one primary nuke, Barbarians now rotate between Whirlwind, Mighty Throw, and Hammer of the Ancients. The synergy works beautifully:

·Whirlwind clears trash mobs.

·Mighty Throw chunks elites at range.

·Hammer of the Ancients delivers massive boss-killing hits.

The Sabre makes this hybrid build flexible, rewarding active play and turning Barbarians into one of the most consistent performers in PTR testing.

2. Druid: Rotting Lightbringer Pulverize

Chaos Armor is transforming Druids, allowing Legendary and Unique effects to slot into new item categories. This is especially impactful for Rotting Lightbringer Pulverize, which benefits from equipping Rotting Lightbringer outside its usual weapon slot.

With this freedom, Druids can pair Rotting Lightbringer with heavy-hitting weapons like The Grandfather, stacking damage multipliers. Combined with Pulverize’s natural AoE dominance and Spirit management synergies, this build has burst potential and sustain in both open-world content and endgame dungeons.

Despite attention on Raven builds, Pulverize continues to hold the crown as the Druid’s most consistent and destructive build in PTR testing.

3. Necromancer: Shadow Blight

Season 10 PTR is seeing Necromancers surge to the top thanks to Shadow Blight. Recent buffs to the Wither mechanic now give Shadow damage a 20% chance to deal 300%[x] increased damage, stacking with Shadowblight’s passive bonus of up to 450%[x].

This creates exponential damage scaling that can result in billions, even trillions, of damage ticks under optimal conditions. When paired with Diablo 4 Items like Ebonpiercer and Reaper’s Pursuit, Shadow Blight offers consistency alongside ridiculous burst.

Compared to Blood Wave or Bonestorm, Shadow Blight feels smoother and deadlier, putting Necromancer firmly in the conversation for Season 10’s strongest class.

4. Rogue: Twisting Blades

Rogues remain flashy but inconsistent. Season 10’s PTR hasn’t delivered the breakthrough many hoped for, with Reload Rogue and other Chaos Perk-driven builds failing to make a mark.

That said, Twisting Blades Rogue continues to be the standout option. Its fast-paced, fluid playstyle rewards skillful positioning as blades return to the player, delivering devastating AoE bursts.

The problem is less about Twisting Blades being weak and more about Rogues lacking variety at the high end. Compared to Sorcerers and Necros, they’re lagging in scaling and survivability. Unless Blizzard buffs them before launch, Twisting Blades will remain the Rogue’s best but limited choice.

5. Sorcerer: Hydra

Despite Blizzard’s push for Lightning Sorcerers, the Hydra Sorcerer is still the undisputed champion.

Chaos Armor allows Sorcs to equip multiple Hydra-enhancing Uniques at once, such as Ophidian Iris and Fractured Winterglass, multiplying Hydra’s power scaling several times over. The result is a swarm of fire-breathing Hydras and Frozen Orbs overwhelming the battlefield.

Hydra builds offer:

·Insane boss damage via stacking multipliers.

·Efficient map clearing with persistent summon spam.

·Sustainability through Chaos Perks like Mana Shield, which supercharge resource regen.

Hydra isn’t just the Sorcerer’s best option-it’s arguably the most overpowered build across the entire PTR meta. Players often buy Diablo IV Items early on to ensure they can craft or trade for the perfect Hydra setup before competition heats up.

6. Spiritborn: Jaguar Thorns

The new Spiritborn class is still being explored, but early PTR results show Jaguar Thorns as a standout.

This build combines Aspect of the Plains with Balazan’s Maxtlatl to dish out massive thorn-based counterattacks. Even after adjustments (Jaguar Spirit Hall no longer boosting Aspect of the Plains), the synergy remains brutal.

Chaos Perks push it further:

·A Beast Cornered: More damage and DR as your Life drops.

·Marred Guard: Life capped at 50% but boosted defenses and Fortify uptime.

The result is a high-risk, high-reward playstyle, where Spiritborn sit on the edge of death, constantly dishing out spikes of retaliatory damage. While not as universally dominant as Hydra or Shadow Blight, Jaguar Thorns proves Spiritborn can compete with the established classes right out of the gate.

Final Thoughts

PTR testing always paints an early picture, but Diablo 4 Season 10 already shows clear frontrunners for each class:

·Barbarian: Whirlwind / Mighty Throw Hybrid

·Druid: Rotting Lightbringer Pulverize

·Necromancer: Shadow Blight

·Rogue: Twisting Blades

·Sorcerer: Hydra

·Spiritborn: Jaguar Thorns

Blizzard still has time to tweak numbers before launch, but if PTR trends hold, expect Sorcerers and Necromancers to dominate the high-end meta. Barbarians and Druids look strong and flexible, while Rogues risk being left behind again. Spiritborn, meanwhile, has already carved out a niche with Jaguar Thorns.

Season 10 could be one of the most diverse and chaotic metas Diablo 4 has seen, giving players multiple exciting ways to approach Sanctuary’s toughest challenges.

Diablo 4 Season 10 PTR Guide:Chaos Perks, Armor, and the Strongest Builds

Season 10 of Diablo 4 is nearly here, and the Public Test Realm (PTR) has been buzzing with experimentation. Players are testing out Chaos Perks, Chaos Armor, the new Infernal Hordes activity, and a wave of balance adjustments across all classes. The result? Some of the wildest builds the game has ever seen.

Chaos Armor & Chaos Perks – The Core of Season 10

Two new mechanics dominate the PTR and are shaping the Season 10 meta:

Chaos Armor – This feature allows you to slot unique effects into different gear categories. That means dual-unique setups are now possible, like wearing two helmets or relocating amulet powers to free up jewelry slots. Buy Diablo 4 gold from MMOexp now and start your path to victory! The system has blown open the build possibilities, creating combinations never before seen in Diablo 4.

Chaos Perks – Seasonal modifiers that completely change how skills behave. Some remove cooldowns, others multiply damage, and a few are bugged with multiplicative scaling—leading to outrageous damage numbers.

With these mechanics, the tier list is shifting fast. Let’s break down how each class is performing.

Barbarian – Hammer of the Ancients Returns

Barbarians are back in force thanks to Chaos Armor and recent buffs.

Hammer of the Ancients (HoTA) has resurfaced as a premier build, with some testers clearing Tier 100 Pits in under 9 minutes.

Mighty Throw remains top-tier for Pit pushing, though more specialized.

Dual Swing thrives in the mob-heavy Infernal Hordes.

Chaos Armor allows stacking multiple uniques, supercharging both survivability and damage.

PTR Verdict:A top contender—strong, versatile, and fun.

Druid – Overabundance Chaos Perk Is Completely Broken

Druids are the runaway winners of Season 10 PTR, largely due to the Overabundance perk.

Storm Ravens + Overabundance are tearing through Pit 150 runs with ease.

Companion builds look like the most reliable option for launch.

Shred Druids and Tempest Roar setups also skyrocket in power when paired with Chaos Armor shenanigans.

Even if Overabundance gets nerfed, Druids are stacked with powerful options.

PTR Verdict:Absolutely overpowered—expect nerfs.

Necromancer – Blood Wave Meta

Necromancers are thriving again, this time with a new core build.

Alter the Balance turns Blood Wave into a spammable core skill, deleting its cooldown and tying it to Essence.

Alternating Alterations adds absurd damage multipliers when switching core skills.

Combine these with Bloodless Scream in a Chaos Armor slot, and Necros can dedicate weapons to raw DPS.

Other notes:

Bone Spear is still reliable.

Skeletal Mages look better but continue to suffer from weak AI.

PTR Verdict:Blood Wave Necro is meta-defining and one of the best boss killers in the game.

Rogue – Death Trap Keeps Them Afloat

Rogues are having a rougher time compared to other classes.

Death Trap builds remain their strongest, especially for Infernal Hordes.

Twisting Blades, a Season 9 staple, loses much of its synergy under the new system.

The new reload-based unique has big damage potential, but feels clunky and poorly supported by UI.MMOexp instant buy Diablo IV Items delivery will elevate your Diablo IV experience. Play smarter, not harder!

Chaos Perk synergy can help (e.g., A Beast Cornered + Marred Guard), but survivability trade-offs make it risky.

PTR Verdict:Playable but weaker than other classes—Death Trap remains the safest bet.

Sorcerer – Hydra Dominates, Fireball for Specialists

Sorcerers are steady, with two builds standing out:

Hydra builds excel in general play, including Infernal Hordes and Torment 4.

Fireball bounce builds push high-tier Pits but require perfect maps and add-heavy bosses.

Chaos Perks:

Mana Shield seemed broken on paper but drains mana too quickly in practice.

Most Sorcs instead lean on A Beast Cornered and Marred Guard for balanced offense and defense.

PTR Verdict:Stable and effective, but not game-breaking.

Spiritborn – Nerfed but Viable

The Spiritborn, Season 9 powerhouse, took a step back in PTR tuning:

Jaguar Primary Spirit Hall nerfs reduced top-end power.

Quill Volley lost efficiency.

Crushing Hand and Rake builds remain competitive, with Rake holding its spot near the top.

PTR Verdict:Not as dominant as before, but still has strong builds.

The Diablo 4 Season 10 PTR has created one of the most chaotic metas yet. Chaos Armor and Chaos Perks have reshaped every class, opening the door to powerful and creative builds.

Druids and Necromancers are completely dominating.

Barbarians are thriving again with multiple endgame options.

Sorcerers remain consistent.

Rogues and Spiritborn trail behind but still have viable paths.

If PTR is anything to go by, Season 10 is set to be one of the most explosive and unpredictable seasons Diablo 4 has ever seen.